Sex-based differences in penalty situations and shido types considering when the contest ends in elite judo
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This study aimed to ascertain whether penalty situations and the types of shido are associated with the sex, regardless of when the contest ends, whether penalty situations and the types of shido are associated with when the contest ends, and whether this association is influenced by sex. Data from 2340 contests (3178 penalties) from the 2018, 2019, and 2021 World Judo Championships were analyzed. Chi-square tests with standardized residuals and Cramer’s V were used to examine associations. Three-way log-linear models were applied to assess interaction effects, multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the probability of penalty situations, and multilevel logistic regression models were conducted to analyze shido types while accounting for within-contest clustering. Penalty situations were associated with sex (p < 0.001, V = 0.10) and with contest-ending condition (p < 0.001, V = 0.30). A significant interaction (p = 0.021) indicated that the association between penalty situations and contest-ending condition differs depending on sex. Contests extending beyond regular time were strongly associated with penalty situations. Male athletes showed higher probabilities of shido plus score contests, whereas female contests were more frequently resolved without penalties. Shido types were also associated with sex (p < 0.001, V = 0.09), although the magnitude of this association was small. Variation in shido types across contest-ending conditions was observed only in female contests (p < 0.001, V = 0.11), while no significant interaction between shido type, contest-ending condition, and sex was found (p = 0.181). Multilevel analyses indicated that contest-ending condition had a more consistent influence on shido type distribution than sex. Overall, penalty situations and shido types are associated with contest-ending conditions in elite judo, with sex-related differences present but generally small in magnitude.
Data included 2.340 contests (3.178 penalties) from the 2018, 2019, and 2021 World Judo Championships. Analyses employed chi-square tests with standardized residuals and Cramer’s V, three-way log-linear models for moderation effects, and multilevel multinomial and binary logistic regressions with random intercepts to account for clustering within contests.
Penalty situations were associated with sex (p<0.001, V=0.10) and strongly related to when the contest ends (p<0.001, V=0.30). A modest interaction (p=0.021) indicated that sex slightly moderates the link between penalties and when the contest ends. Men were more likely to accumulate penalties, especially in contests ending before regular time, while women more often competed without penalties. Shido types were associated with sex (p<0.001, V=0.09), with defensive posture and sleeve-hold penalties more frequent among men. Variation in shido types by when the contest ends occurred only in female contests (p<0.001, V=0.11). No significant three-way interaction was found. Overall, penalty situations and shido types influence contest when the contest ends, with sex-related differences present but small in magnitude.
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